Shyp Nadiia Andriivna

Interpretation of Polish and Ukrainian issues by Slavophiles in the Russian Empire (second half of the 19th century)

Section: Studies in Special Historical Disciplines

Abstract: The aim of the research is to show the historical preconditions, character and development of Russian-Polish conflict (apogee of which was Polish national-liberating rebellion of 1863) and the essence of Russian-Ukrainian polemics regarding the language issue based on studying scientific literature and analysis of Slavophile press. The methodology of the research. Methodological basis is comprised of objectivity principles, terminological definition and historical method. The connection of foreign policy and internal policy factors has been taken into concideration when accoun ting for the actions of the centralized power regarding peripheral lands of the Russian Empire. The scientific novelty. It has been proven that a collision based on the conflict of Polish national-patriotic and Russian interests emerged in the Russian Empire of the 19th century. The issue was interpreted as «Polish issue» or «Ukrainian issue» within the official circles. The methodological difference in Slavophiles’ views regarding interpretation of genesis and essence of the issues as well as offered solutions for them are shown in this research. It is underlined that the methodological credo of I. Aksakov in understanding of «the Polish issue» was based on the principles of historical method and morale. Slavophiles acted within the track of pantoimperial strategy to unify national peripheries with the aim of their integration into Russia. Ukrainephiles, without breaking the unity of the Russian empire, strived for acknowledgment of Ukrainians as a separate nationality with its own language as the primary marker of the national identity. The use of primary sources was extended, among which are publicistic articles, which reflected the view of Slavophiles on societal and political issues. Conclusions. The strugle for preservation of individuality within the framework of the centralized state became more acute within the conditions of national consciousness growth among Slavic nationalities in the 19th century. New items appeared on the agenda such as the issue of the relationship between the center and peripheral parts of the Russian Empire. Slavophiles increased their activity in connection with the Polish national-liberating rebellion in 1863, in which the religious factor played a major role. They did not reach the consensus interpreting the reasons and consequences of those events. The ideas of Slavophiles regarding the Polish and Ukrainian issues confi rm the difficulty, ambiguity, and lack of mechanisms of their solution in the second half of the 19th century. The subject needs further unprejudiced comprehensive research based on maximum involvement of primary sources, which would allow to analyze the processes. It is important to take into account the current events in the South-East regions of Ukraine as well as to study the experiences of the past and carry out valuable lessons.

Keywords: «Polish issue», «Ukrainian issue», Slavophiles, Polonophilism, Ukrainophilism, Ivan Aksakov, Mykolai Kostomarov.

  Full-text PDF    https://doi.org/10.15407/rksu.23.197     Citation

• Shyp Nadiia Andriivna (Kyiv National University of Trade and Economics, nadia.shyp@gmail.com) ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1309-1509

Cite:
Shyp Nadiia Andriivna (2019). Interpretation of Polish and Ukrainian issues by Slavophiles in the Russian Empire (second half of the 19th century). Manuscript and book heritage of Ukraine, (23) 197-218. (In Ukrainan). doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/rksu.23.197

References:

1. Matveev, V. I. (2011). K voprosu ob etnoreligioznoi sobornosti slavianskogo mira: modeli i puti intergratsii [On the issue of ethnic and religious conciliarity of the Slavic world: models and ways of integration]. In Pravoslavia – tsyvilizatsiinyi stryzhen slovianskoho svitu: zb. nauk. prats [Orthodoxy as a civilization core of the Slavic world: collection of scientific papers]. Kyiv. [In Russian].
2. Bielokolos, O. (2016, September 21). Panslavizm siohodni – instrument rosiiskoho vplyvu v Ukraini, chy «ideolohiia prykryttia»? [Panslavism today – an instrument of the Russian influence in Ukraine, or «Ideology of Covering»?]. Accessed: 17.10.2019. [In Ukrainian].
3. Lopatina, E. B. (2011). Rossiisskaia imperiia v polskom voprose v 1880–1890-e gg. [The Russian empire in the Polish question in 1880–1890s]. (Candidate of historical sciences dissertation abstract). Moscow. [In Russian].
4. «Ukrainske pytannia» v Rosiiskii imperiii (kinets XIX – pochatok XX st.): kol. monohr. u 3-kh ch. [«The Ukrainian question» in the Russian empire (the end of the 19th – the beginning of the 20th Century): collective monograph in 3 parts]. (1999). Kyiv: Instytut istorii Ukrainy NAN Ukrainy. [In Ukrainian].
5. Miller, A. (2013). Ukrainskii vopros v Rossiiskoi imperii [The Ukrainian question in the Russian empire]. Kyiv: LAURUS. [In Russian].
6. Kaplin, A. (2008). Mirovozzrenie slavianofilov: istoriia i budushchee Rossii [The world ideology of Slavophiles: history and future of Russia]. Moskow: Institut russkoi tsivilizatsii. [In Russian].
7. Valitskyi, A. (1998). V poloni konservatyvnoi utopii: struktura i vydozminy rosiiskoho slovianofilstva [In captivity of conservative utopia: the structure and changes in the Russian Slavophilism]. V. Morenets (Trans.). Kyiv: Osnovy. [In Ukrainian].
8. Hedin, S. (2016). Zarodzhennia slovianofilstva v Rosiiskii imperii ta yoho vplyv na ukrainsku istorychnu dumku seredyny XIX st. [The emergence of Slavophilism in the Russian empire and its influence on the Ukrainian historical thought of the mid-19th century]. In Hileia: naukovyi visnyk [Hylaia: scientific herald]. No. 113, pp. 15–19. Kyiv. [In Ukrainian].
9. Miller, A. (2008). Imperiia Romanovych i natsionalizm. Esse po metodologii istoricheskogo issledovaniia [The Romanov empire and nationalism. Essay on methodology of a historical research]. Moskow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. [In Russian].
10. Aksakov, I. S. (1886). Polskii vopros i zapadno-russkoe delo. Evreiskii vopros. (Stati iz gaz. «Den», «Moskva», «Moskvich», «Rus»). 1860–1886. Soch. [The Polish question and Western-Russian affair. The Jewish question. (The articles from the newspapers «Den», «Moskva», «Moskvich», «Rus»). Works]. Vol. 3. Moscow: Tipografia M. G. Volchaninova. [In Russian].
11. Dylionhova, H. (2007). Istoriia Polshchi 1795–1990 [The history of Poland 1795–1990]. Kyiv: Kyievo-Mohylianska akademiia. [In Ukrainian].
12. Diakov, V. A. (1989). Marks, Engels i Polsha [Marx, Engels and Poland]. Moscow: Nauka. [In Russian].
13. Entsyklopediia istorii Ukrainy [Encyclopaedia of history of Ukraine]. (2011). Vol. 8. Kyiv: Naukova dumka. [In Ukrainian].
14. Pochvenniki [«The returners to the native soil»]. (2000). In Slovari i entsyklopedii na Akademike [Dictionaries and Encyclopedieas on «Academic»]. Accessed: 17.10.2019. [In Russian].
15. Strakhov, N. N. (1992). Rokovoi vopros [The fatal question]. In Avdeeva, L. R. Russkie mysliteli Ap. A. Grigoriev, N. Ya. Danilevskii, N. N. Strakhov. Filosofskaia kulturologiia vtoroi poloviny XIX veka [Russian thinkers Ap. A. Grigorev, N. Ya. Danilevskii, N. N. Strakhov. The philosophical cultural studies of the second half of the 19th century]. Pp. 175–184. Moscow: MGU. [In Russian].
16. URL: https://histua.com/slovnik/c/civilizaciya
17. Strakhov Nikolai Nikolaevich: Sobranie sochinenii [Strakhov Nikolai Nikolaevich: collected works]. (2019). In Lib.ru: Biblioteka Moshkova [Lib.ru: Library of Moshkov].
18. Shyp, N. (2017). Polemika Mykoly Kostomarova z oponentamy i tsarskymy chynovnykamy z pytan ukrainskoi movy [Polemic of Mykola Kostomarov with the opponents and tsarist officials concerning the question of the Ukrainian language]. In Slovianoznavstvo i novi paradyhmy ta napriamy sotsiohumanitarnych doslidzhen: materialy Mizhnarodnoi konferentsii do Dnia slovianskoi Pysemnosti i kultury (Kyiv, 24 travnia 2017 r.) [Slavic studies and paradigms and new trends of researches in social sciences and humanities: proceedings of the International conference dedicated to the Day of Slavic writing and culture (Kyiv, May 24, 2017)]. Pp. 352–357. Kyiv: NBUV, 2017.
19. Naukovo-publitsystychni i polemichni pysannia Kostomarova [Scientific, publicistic and polemic writings of Kostomarov]. (1928). M. Hrushevskyi (Ed.). Kyiv: DVU. [In Ukrainian].
20. Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov v ego pismakh [Ivan Sergeevich Aksakov in his letters]. (1892). Vol. 3 (Pisma 1851–1860 gg. [Letters of 1851–1860]), Vol. 4 (Pisma 1858–1886 gg. [Letters of 1858–1886]). Saint-Petersburg: Izdanie imperatorskoi publichnoi biblioteki. [In Russian].
21. Spor slavianofilov po ukrainskomu voprosu [The debate of Slavophiles on the Ukrainian question]. (1916). In Ukrainskaia zhyzn [Ukrainian Life]. No. 3, pp. 69–73. [In Ukrainian].