Білоус Н. О. - Тестаменти волинських городян кінця XVI–XVIІ ст.: структурний аналіз та мовні особливості (2021)

  ARCHIVE (All issues) /     Content (2021, Issue 27)Ukrainian English

Bilous Nataliya

Testaments of citizens of Volynian towns in late 16th and 17th centuries: structural analysis and language features

Section: Studies of Archival and Book Fonds

Abstract: The purpose of the article is to analyze the structure (form) of testaments of Volynian citizens and to investigate some linguistic features of the writing of these private acts at the end of the 16th and 17th centuries. Research methodology: according to the interdisciplinary approach there were used the methods of diplomatic analysis, external and internal criticism of historical sources. Scientific novelty: for the first time it was committed a diplomatic analysis of the texts of unpublished 170 testaments of the inhabitants of Volynian towns from the town and castle books of the end of the 16th and 17th centuries, and revealed some linguistic features of the writing of these acts. Conclusions. The Volyn testament form contains all the main clauses characteristic of this type of documents of early modern times. As for the structure, they are almost indistinguishable from the form previously established in the Crown of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, with the exception of introductory formulas, when sometimes invocation and arenga, as well as final ones. The testaments of the inhabitants of Olyka, where the town chancellery was well developed, had a more complex form. It is obvious that most of the orders of the last will were pronounced orally before the city officials and the clerk, who gave these statements a written character, inscribing the verbal narrative in a text template. The testators wrote down the formulas established at that time, sometimes bringing in their own opinions about the circumstances and causes of death, as well as the personal reflections of the testator. Typical clichés, produced in the offices of that time, remained in force until the beginning of the 18th century. At the same time, a comparative analysis of Volynian urban wills shows the presence of emotional rhetoric, dialogues, and sometimes a detailed description of property, which was not typical of the testaments of the western regions of the Commonwealth, which were formalized and followed the latest European traditions of these acts. Linguistic analysis of the testaments of Volynian citizens shows the presence of numerous Ukrainian words in Polish-language texts.

Keywords: testaments, testators, form, clauses, town chancellery, town dwellers, Volyn, 17th century.


Author(s) citation:

Cite:
Bilous Nataliya (2021). Testaments of citizens of Volynian towns in late 16th and 17th centuries: structural analysis and language features. Manuscript and book heritage of Ukraine, (27) 5-20. (In Ukrainan). doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/rksu.27.005

References:

  1. Biłous N. Testamenty mieszkańców miast Wołynia od końca XVI – do początku XVIII wieku. Katalog. Warszawa: SEMPER, 2017. 134 s. [In Polish].
  2. Jawor G. Stałe formuły w testamentach polskich. Rozprawy Komisji Językowej. T. 12. 1981, s. 217–233. [In Polish].
  3. Sowina U. Najstarsze sieradzkie testamenty mieszczańskie z początku XVI w. Analiza źródłoznawcza. Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej. Warszawa, 1991. T. 39. No. 1, s. 3–25. [In Polish].
  4. Żmigrodzka B. Testament jako gatunek tekstu. Katowice, 1997. 105 s. [In Polish].
  5. Kość J. Konwencje tekstu testamentowego w średniowiecznych relacjach sądowych. Poznańskie studia polonistyczne. Seria językoznawcza. T. XVI (XXXVI), s. 99–109. [In Polish]. doi: https://doi.org/10.14746/pspsj.2010.16.10
  6. Vinnychenko O. Shliakhetski zapovity v reliatsiinykh knyhakh Lvivskoho ta Peremyshlskoho grodskykh sudiv pershoi polovyny XVIII st. yak istorychne dzherelo [Nobility’s testaments in record books of Lviv and Peremyshl castle courts of first half of 18th century as historical source] (Candidate’s thesis). Lviv, 2009. [In Ukrainian].
  7. Vinnychenko O. Struktura ta formuliar testamentiv lvivskykh virmen XVII – pershoi polovyny XVIII st. [Structure and form of testaments of Lviv Armenians in the 17th – first half of 18th centuries]. Kriz stolittia. Studii na poshanu Mykoly Krykuna z nahody joho 80-richchia. [Through centuries. Studies in honor of Mykola Krykun on occasion of his 80th birthday]. Lviv, 2012. Pp. 449–467. [In Ukrainian].
  8. Barlovska A. Dukhivnytsi yak kulturno-istorychni pamiatky XVII–XVIII st. [Testaments as cultural and historical monuments of the 17th–18th centuries]. Siverianskyi litopys. [Siverianskyi yearbook]. 1998. No. 1, pp. 54–59. [In Ukrainian].
  9. Kryvosheia O. Dukhovni zapovity kozatskoi starshyny yak istorychne dzherelo [Testaments of Cossack nobility as historical source]. Naukovi zapysky NDIU [Scientific proceedings of Research Institute of Ukrainian Studies]. Vol. 16. Kyiv, 2007, pp. 369–374. [In Ukrainian].
  10. Kryvosheia I., Kryvosheia I. Testamenty kozatskoi starshyny Hetmanshchyny druhoi polovyny XVII st. yak dzherelo istorii povsiakdennia [Testaments of Cossack nobility of Hetmanshchyna of second half of the 17th century as source of everyday history]. Ukrainskyi istorychnyi zhurnal [Ukrainian Historical Journal]. Kyiv, 2019. No. 5, pp. 147–165. [In Ukrainian]. doi: https://doi.org/10.15407/uhj2019.05.147
  11. Bilous N. Funeralna kultura ranniomodernoho ukrainskoho sotsiumu: istoriohrafiia problemy. [Funerary culture of early modern Ukrainian society: historiography of issue]. Istoriohrafichni doslidzhennia v Ukraini. [Historiographical research in Ukraine] Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2019. Vol. 30, pp. 213–243. [In Ukrainian].
  12. Adamska A. „Stąd do wieczności”. Testament w perspektywie piśmienności pragmatycznej na przełomie średniowiecza i epoki nowożytnej. Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej. Rok LXI. Warszawa, 2013. No. 2, s. 185–200. [In Polish].
  13. Zielecka W. Prawo i praktyka testowania w Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim w XVI i XVII wieku. Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne. 2009. T. LXI. Zeszyt 1, s. 65–111. [In Polish].
  14. Groicki B. Tytuły prawa majdeburskiego do Porządku i do Artykułów, pierwiej po polsku wydanych, w sprawach tego czasu nawięcej kłopotanych z tegoż prawa majdeburskiego przydane. Wyd. K. Koranyj. Warszawa, 1954. [In Polish].
  15. Biblioteka Naukowa PAU i PAN w Krakowie. Rkps 262.
  16. Fond 1237. Inventory 1. Unit 1. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  17. Fond 27. Inventory 1. Unit 8. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv..
  18. Fond 1401. Inventory 1. Unit 1. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  19. Fond 28. Inventory 1. Unit 18. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  20. Fond 28. Inventory 1. Unit 20. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  21. Fond 35. Inventory 1. Unit 6. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  22. Alsop J. D. Religious Preambles in Early Modern English Wills as Formulae. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. Vol. XL, 1989, pp. 19–27. [In English]. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022046900035405
  23. Popiołek B. «Woli mojej ostatniej testament ten...» Testamenty staropolskie jako źródło do historii mentalności XVII i XVIII wieku. Kraków, 2009. 315 s. [In Polish].
  24. Gurevich A. Smert kak problema istoricheskoi antropologii: o novom napravlenii v zarubezhnoi istoriografii [Death as problem of historical anthropology: new direction in foreign historiography]. Odissei. Chelovek v istorii [Odyssey. Person in History]. Moscow, 1989. Pp. 114–135. [In Russian].
  25. Aries P. Człowiek i śmierć. Przełożyła E. Bąkowska. Warszawa, 1992. 612 s. [In Polish].
  26. Tsodikovich V. K. Semantika ikonografii Strashnogo Suda v russkom iskusstve 15–16 vekov [Semantics of Last Judgment Iconography in Russian art in the 15th–16th centuries]. Uljanovsk, 1995. 297 p. [In Russian].
  27. Berezhnaia L. Ukrainsko-belorusskaia poeziia i dramaturgiia XVII veka o smerti i zagrobnom mire [Ukrainian-Belarussian poetry and drama about death and afterlife in the 17th century]. Issledovanija po istorii Ukrainy i Belorussii. Ukrainica et Belorossica. [Studies on history of Ukraine and Belarus]. Vol. 1. Moscow, 1995, pp. 31–48. [In Russian].
  28. Sermons in the XVIth–XVIIth Century Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (An Attempt at Comparison).’ Etre Catholique – être Orthodox – être Protestant. Confessions et identités culturelles en Europe. M. Derwich, M. Dmitriev (Eds.). Wrocław: LARHCOR, 2003. Pp. 253–284.
  29. Rusiecki M. Obraz śmierci w katechezie kościoła katolickiego w XVI–XVIII w. Wesela, chrzciny i pogrzeby w XVI–XVIII wieku. Kultura życia i śmierci. Pod red. H. Suchojada. Warszawa, 2001, s. 287–302. [In Polish].
  30. Vinnychenko O. «Svoia smert»: richpospolytskyi shliakhtych pered oblychchiam vichnosti (za ranniomodernymy testamentamy) [“Our Death”: Szlachta of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in face of death (based on early modern testaments)]. Povsiakdennia ranniomodernoi Ukrainy. T. 2: Svit rechei ta predmetiv. [Everyday life of early modern Ukraine. Vol. 2: World of objects and everyday ideas]. Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2013. Pp. 272–295. [In Ukrainian].
  31. Fond 25. Inventory 1. Unit 41. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  32. Biblioteka Kórnicka. Sygn. 01204.
  33. Fond 25. Inventory 1. Unit 160. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  34. Fond 32. Inventory 1. Unit 1. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  35. Fond 1237. Inventory 1. Unit 1. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  36. Biblioteka Naukowa PAU i PAN w Krakowie. Rkps 262.
  37. Biłous N. Zapisy mieszczan wołyńskich na rzecz dobroczynności i świątyń różnych wyznań w świetle testamentów z XVII wieku. Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej. Warszawa, 2020, 68 (2), s. 187–204. [In Polish]. doi: https://doi.org/10.23858/KHKM68.2020.2.004
  38. Fond 1237. Inventory 1. Unit 7. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  39. Bilous N. Konflikty ta yikh polahodzhennia v rodynakh mishchan Volyni u svitli testamentiv XVII st. [Conflicts and conflict resolution in families of Volynian town dwellers in light of the 17th century testaments]. Sotsium. Almanakh sotsialnoi istorii [Socium. Almanac of Social History]. Kyiv, 2020. Iss. 15–16, pp. 128–142. [In Ukrainian].
  40. Fond 33. Inventory 1. Unit 6. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  41. Fond 91. Unit 44. Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv, Manuscript Department.
  42. Fond 32. Inventory 1. Unit 1. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  43. Fond 23. Inventory 1. Unit 1. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  44. Fond 25. Inventory 1. Unit 183. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  45. Szende K. Testamenty i ustne oświadczenia woli. Oralność i piśmienność w procese sporządzenia testamentów na Węgrzech w późnym średniowieczu. Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej. Warszawa, 2013. R. LXI. No. 2, s. 223–238. [In Polish].
  46. Fond 1237. Inventory 1. Unit 4. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  47. Fond 28. Inventory 1. Unit 23. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  48. Fond 28. Inventory 1. Unit 18. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  49. Fond 25. Inventory 1. Unit 103. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.
  50. Fond 26. Inventory 1. Unit 31. Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kyiv.